Native Plants Part 3: Landscape Design Should Include Habitat Restoration

Great to have received such passionate comments to Part 2 of my article on Native Plants. Not so much that they liked what I had to say but it’s great that they were thoughtful and pushed the conversation forward on what native planting is all about. Thank you MyEdmondsNews readers (note this article appeared in MyEdmondsNews.com on May 3rd, 2011).

 

Paul Spehar wrote:

“For a great example of appropriate Native plants in a garden setting, please visit the Edmonds Native Plant Demonstration Garden… created by volunteers from Edmonds Backyard Wildlife Habitat project, Pilchuck Audubon, People for Puget Sound and Washington Native Plant Society.”

Paul points out these resources for Edmonds residents looking to help restore native habitats. Emphasis on native habitats. Native habitat restoration is the core reason for ‘going native’. It’s not because native plants are superior to immigrants in the context of urban gardens. It’s because natives are superior in supporting native ecosystems. This is an important distinction that causes confusion when discussing the merits of native plants.

Two Different Criteria at Work

In conventional landscape design, the criteria of selecting plants for aesthetics, maintainability, and performance have long been established. This criterion is revealed when we look at the most popular landscape plants – large colorful fragrant flowers, interesting colorful foliage that is resistant to bugs and other pests, year-round interest, generally smaller size, cleaner rather than messier, containing some measure of exotic character or “non-nativeness”, and sometimes a reliance on gardener input to keep the plant alive and well.

On the other hand, the reasons for planting natives can seem completely opposite from the traditional reasons of plant selection for urban gardens. The main reason to plant natives is to support native habitats, not necessarily to make a beautiful ornamental garden in the conventional sense.

By definition, a native plant must have evolved in the local ecosystem and quite unlike conventional selection criteria, must support native fauna. Yes, that means native plants must serve as a food source for the local insect population (the bottom of the food chain) in order to fulfill their essential utility.

We should not be saying native plants are better to plant because they have superior garden characteristics. If this were true, they’d all be incorporated into the landscape industry long ago. History has proven they haven’t met this criterion; they are not superior in that way.

As Rita Moore writes:

“I also agree that some immigrants are bug free but that is because nothing can eat them. This is not necessarily good feature. We need insects to feed our terrestrial birds. There is no longer enough native habitat to support our birds. Almost all nesting terrestrial birds eat insects, in their various stages, while feeding their young.”

She also recommends the book Bringing Nature Home, by Douglas Tallamy citing “We need to provide more habitat in our gardens and that means more natives… insects are the bottom of the food chain… (Tallamy’s) scientific studies that show how poorly immigrant plants can be utilized by native insects.”

As Rita points out, native plants are not more bug resistant – the opposite is true. What we should be doing is educating the public that insects are part of a healthy ecosystem, some plant damage due to insect feeding is good, and native plants uniquely serve this purpose better than immigrants.

This is a more complex message that will be difficult to swallow for some conventional gardeners. For example, how many people can we convince that their tree full of tent caterpillars is not a bad thing and you should just leave them there to eat the leaves of your precious plants? You might be able to yell that to them as they’re screeching away to the big box store to buy a can of bug spray; the one marked “Kill Everything!”

That bugs can be good, in fact essential, is true but contradictory to what we’ve been taught by convention. Illuminating this truth for the general public furthers our cause in a more inspiring manner. People are more willing to change if they know the real reasons why. Warning: it will also inspire distrust of media as we’ll continue to see commercials urging us to spray insecticides of all sorts in our ‘war on bugs’. Some kinds of distrust are healthy though.

We need to clarify the real reasons for planting natives. It’s not because they are beauty queens with hearts of gold and a talent for singing rousing anthems with a certain purity only attained through abstention from vice and vile things. It’s more about how they silently contribute to their society – their local ecology. They mix it up with the bugs and the fungi. A native plant’s value is unseen in the work they perform for the holistic natural system. They’re more blue collar working class, less pomp and pageantry.

A New Aesthetic: Landscape Design Includes Habitat Restoration

The future of landscape design calls for a resolution of these two differing criteria at work here; conventional landscape design criteria versus the need for habitat restoration. Where the mistake is being made is trying to shoehorn habitat restoration goals into the conventional aesthetic criteria of landscape design.

The solution is to change convention to recognize the needs of today’s landscape. A new aesthetic is needed that relies on educating people about the entire ecological life cycle of plants and animals in a truthful way.

Monica Van der Vieren writes:

“First, most of us who speak on the subject realize it is difficult to plant an urban yard entirely in natives due to size constraints and potential conflicts with utilities. We do not damn non-native plants, but recommend thoughtful selection to avoid problems…And we are plainspoken about the limitations of native plants: some are drain seekers (aspense, bigleaf maple, willows) bomb-droppers, spread like crazy in the right conditions, etc. We don’t want people using natives in their yards and getting turned off. We tell people to buy from responsible sources that don’t illegally harvest from the wild. We tell them natives now carry some imported diseases, like the white pine blister rust…”

Thank you Monica for being truthful that native plants have their limitations in the context of conventional landscape aesthetics. This was actually my point in Part 2 but I guess I didn’t say it clearly enough, what with all my thirst for a healthy smackdown. I’ll assume a more placid and responsible demeanor for this article. I agree with you 100% when you say: “I think the take home needs to be thoughtful balance… I’ve found our local audiences really appreciate being given some help, information, and direction to create healthy habitats…”

We need to change popular conception of how gardens should look. The conventional measure of garden aesthetics needs to be turned on its head:

• The contribution of native plants to the ecological life cycle is good, the single-minded selection of plants for beauty alone can be bad
• Some messiness can be good, overly clean can be bad
• Death can be good, removing dead and dying plant parts can be bad
• Bugs can be good, a search and destroy mentality can be bad
• A better understanding of nature’s organic systems is good, relying on chemical or technological fixes can be bad.

However, you can’t just turn a long held paradigm on its head without a good reason. You can’t encourage a new aesthetic by glossing over the reality with untruths. In this case, it’s especially important to be truthful when the new paradigm includes such distasteful notions as welcoming bugs with open arms and a big wet kiss.

The old aesthetics will not go down easily; the prime example being the all consuming lawn that takes many resources but gives little back. For many years, various groups have been pushing to get rid of lawns and with good reason.

However, I can tell you from a landscape designer’s perspective, people still love their lawns. They refuse the money and time they would save by not having to mow, thatch, and edge their lawn. They ignore the storage space they would save by getting rid of all that lawn equipment. They gloss over the safety reasons – that lawn mowers lead to child and adult injuries (247,000 in 2009) mostly amputations. By the time I point out the noise and pollution they create, it all almost starts to become lost in a nostalgic haze… ‘oh the hum of lawn mowers and sweet smell of fresh cut grass after the gas fumes and noxious exhaust smells have faded! Ahh, the stuff memories are made of’.

After that, trying to convince people to give up lawns to support native ecology can be tougher than getting Charlie Sheen to admit he broke his brain with one too many recreational drug sessions. Lawns could be considered the national drug of choice from an ecologist’s perspective.

Regardless, we should continue pushing for our new ideals but we must first acknowledge the limitations as well.

It’s About the Cycle

Gardening today should be about supporting and appreciating diverse forms of life beyond the plants, not just growing perdy flowers. A new appreciation should be cultivated for garden life from the soil itself on up to the bugs eating the leaves, to the birds who eat the bugs, and the other birds who eat the birds who eat the bugs, and then the whole mess being returned by said top-of-food-chain bird back into the garden after digestion. It’s time to start appreciating the entire cycle and not just one small part.

The entire cycle includes the poop too, you know. Experienced gardeners at least seem pretty comfortable with some types of poop, especially from herbivores. Steer manure, cow manure is pretty common. Some even become ecstatic at the thought of Woodland Park Zoo’s ‘Zoo-Doo’ which includes a whole diversity of beastly poo. They’ve become so ravenous about ‘Zoo-Doo’ that the Zoo had to institute a lottery system and a load limit to keep the teeming hordes from taking more than their fair share of poop, keeping the poop mongers under control. Hey, tragedy of the commons averted, y’all.

This gives me hope for appreciation of garden bugs. If gardeners can get that excited over poo, they may just become as excited about insects as well.

Will the general public accept a diversity of life that includes insects? How about rodents which are also a lower part of the food chain? Will leaf drop and dead plant messiness become appreciated additions to the garden or will people wax nostalgic over plastic bins full of yard ‘waste’ at the side of the road and noisy garbage trucks passing during morning coffee? Will plant mess become chic? Will we hear people exclaim about their neighbors’ gardens “ooh, now that’s a fierce hot mess!”, or will it continue to be “when are you going to clean up that mess?”

Will the general public accept such things as animal ‘waste’ is not waste at all but an essential part of nature’s sustainable soil cycle and learn how to compost it properly? Will humans come to realize ‘human waste’ is not waste at all but also a part of this same cycle and learn how to compost it properly? Will that also be referred to as a “fierce hot mess!”? Will people come to realize ‘human waste’ actually looks more like Charlie Sheen? In the entire history of humanity, really how far have we progressed when society as a whole doesn’t even know how to compost their own poop?

To Save Native Habitats, Preserve Native Habitats

We cannot blame immigrant plants as the cause of habitat destruction. If you really want to save native habitat, we have to get serious about preserving native habitats. We need to restore wildlife corridors to connect orphaned native habitat areas. We need to contain urban spread and integrate better transitions into wild areas where they do meet.

Let’s step back for a moment. The merits of any plant’s contribution to an ecosystem are extremely complex. Anyone can make the claim that native species supports native habitats and therefore they are a good answer as to how to restore native habitats. This is obvious.

However, this cannot be stretched to say that immigrant species are the cause of the destruction of native habitats. Why? Because it is inextricable from and insignificant in comparison to the vast habitat destruction caused by human development and resource use.

For example, how can one make the observation that invasive plants are taking over a riparian area and yet ignore the houses, farmland, or industry, lining the same riparian area that have cut into the vast buffer its ecosystem needs to sustain itself? In many cases, the stream has been diked, levied, and straightened or otherwise prevented from meandering. Beavers and their dams have been destroyed, adjacent wetlands filled. How can a native ecosystem work when restricted in such a fashion by human activity? Would certain immigrant plants survive the natural flooding caused by a beaver dam, natural meanderings of the stream, an intact mature forest, or the wildlife itself?

Blaming immigrant plants is not the answer.

To Preserve Native Habitats We Must Begin to Talk Human Population Control

We must begin to realize that to preserve the world’s native habitats you have to breach the subject of controlling global human population growth. The responsibility for saving the world’s habitats cannot be dumped so heavily on the floppy hats of the gentle gardeners of the world. Yes, continue to plant natives in our gardens, replace immigrants with natives, but that is not a cure for global habitat destruction.

The idea that adding some native plants to urban and suburban gardens by will somehow make up for all the damage caused by destruction of native habitat is just bad math. At best, what we are doing is buying a little time. We are not progressing forward.

Going by the math, you cannot save native habitats by replanting a small percentage of destroyed habitats back to native when the destruction of native habitats is continuing. That’s an ever dwindling percentage. It’s not a static endpoint. Even though we may feel our suburb has been divided and that’s the end of it. It’s not. Growing population will demand more land continuously. Already urban and suburban lots are being further subdivided, urban sprawl still sprawling.

At worst, it is false hope that something is being accomplished when really the opposite is true. It’s about as effective as banning plastic grocery bags in some vague attempt to help save the environment. Feels good but doesn’t mean much in the context of what must be done. Perhaps it is a small step forward but we don’t need baby steps, we need big fat earth shaking elephant sized steps.

Continuing population growth will overrun every native habitat in the world with demand for food, housing, transportation corridors, and silly things like strip malls. As natural resources are pushed to the limit, every forest will fall to the need for fuel, every meadow to the need for pasture or cropland, every stream tapped dry for irrigation and drinking water. It’s already happening in poorer countries like Haiti and Afghanistan.

Perhaps math is out of vogue these days. It’s seems more fashionable to judge global problems by stepping outside your door and if you aren’t immediately killed upon your doorstep, everything is alright in the world.

Global population control has to be made a major topic of political discussion. To do anything else is all but guaranteeing failure, foisting our responsibilities onto our children and grandchildren with a smug “Gee, it was too hard for us, now it’s much worse for you. Good luck with that.”

There are known ways to reduce global population which are not draconian. No forced abortions are needed. No wars required. Quite the opposite. Proven methods include eliminating extreme disparities of wealth, reducing infant mortality through health care, and providing education, to women in particular. These all work and increase quality of life for everyone in the process.

These are all possible but must be implemented on a global scale. That is, if you’re serious about solving the problem.

So stop blaming the petunias already. And I don’t even like petunias by the way.